There has been a lot of discussion about biofuels these days. With the cost of fuel increasing in price and decreasing in availability, the need for an alternative fuel is on the rise. Many have heard the term biofuel but knowing what it means, well that can be tricky.

Technically, biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass-recently living organisms or their metabolic by-products, such as manure from cows. It is considered ‘green’ because it comes from a renewable energy source, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal and nuclear fuels.

Agricultural products specifically grown for use as biofuels include corn and soybeans (primarily in the United States) as well as flaxseed and rapeseed (primarily in Europe).

Biofuels can also be made from waste. For instance, straw, lumber, manure, sewage, garbage and food leftovers from industries like agriculture, forestry and households can also be used to produce bioenergy.

There are pros and cons when it comes to the various types of biofuels. One of the largest discussions now is regarding the use of fuel made of corn. This is often called the "food vs fuel" debate. Some of the cons in harvesting corn for fuel is the amount of carbon emissions levels, having enough corn to create a sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion that comes with growing more corn, impact on water resources, turning potential food into fuel and its human rights issues. But corn is only one source of making biofuel.

What material can be used to make biofuels? Conventional ethanol is made from sugar cane, corn, and sweet sorghum. Soybean and rapeseed oil are often used to make biodiesel. Algae is also used to make biodiesel.

Trees, grass, agricultural residue, and municipal solid waste can also be converted into biofuel. Cellulose makes up the majority of a plant’s structure and can be broken down into sugars, which can then be fermented and made into ethanol. Recent research is making this process less expensive and more energy efficient.

As the world’s top producer, Brazil uses sugar cane to make ethanol. Many other developing countries, such as those of southern Africa, produce large amounts of sugar and also have potential to become ethanol producers. The Midwestern United States relies on corn to produce nearly one-quarter of the globe’s ethanol, and China is quickly emerging as the third largest ethanol supplier.

Other countries with limited fossil fuel res 1000 ources are examining the prospect of producing domestic fuel supplies. Thailand has an aggressive policy to make use of tapioca and sugar cane for ethanol production. Other countries are ramping up biodiesel production as well. The Philippines recently mandated incorporation of coconut oil biodiesel into diesel fuel, the first time coconut oil has been used as a motor fuel.

Cars, trucks, and farm machinery can all run on low-volume biofuel blends without any alteration. Current car warranties cover operation with ethanol-blended gas of up to ten percent. Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) operate on any combination of ethanol and gasoline. FFVs are being sold in the U.S., Brazil, and China. As ethanol has a higher octane, it is used as a gasoline additive to improve vehicle performance. In fact, many international racing teams use ethanol because of its high performance qualities. Biodiesel blends of 20% show similar operation in conventional diesel engines as regular diesel fuel.

Will biofuels replace are dependency on foreign oil? It may be too soon to tell but it certainly is a fuel worth looking into.

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